Once a manuscript is officially published, it becomes a permanent part of the scientific literature and cannot be modified or removed without a formal notice. Corrections or retractions are only issued to ensure the accuracy of the scientific record and the protection of academic research integrity.

Corrections are issued for honest, unintentional errors detected by the authors or the journal staff, which do not invalidate the overall scientific conclusions of the study (e.g., misspellings of authors' names, formatting issues, or minor errors in equations or tables):

• Corrigendum: Issued when the error is discovered by the authors, who submit a formal correction request with scientific justification.
• Erratum: Issued when the error is introduced by the journal's editorial or production team during formatting or publishing.
• The formal correction notice is published as a separate document linked directly to the original article for full transparency.

Retractions are serious academic measures taken in consultation with the Editor-in-Chief and the advisory board in cases of severe scientific misconduct or critical scientific errors:

• Clear evidence of plagiarism or intellectual property infringement.
• Fabrication, falsification, or manipulation of scientific data or results.
• Simultaneous submission and publication in multiple journals (Double Submission).
• Severe, honest scientific or mathematical errors that invalidate the study's main findings.

Retraction Procedure: To maintain archival records, the original PDF is not deleted from the website. Instead, a prominent red watermark **(RETRACTED)** is placed on all pages of the original manuscript, and a formal retraction note detailing the reasons is published and linked to it.

If the editorial board receives allegations of misconduct but the investigation is inconclusive or ongoing, the journal may issue a temporary "Expression of Concern" to alert readers while a thorough investigation is conducted to determine the final action.